Venus and Adonis Essay Example For Students

Venus and Adonis Essay It also intends to deal with its controversial subject matter, which has always been a topic of interest for scholars and critics. Venus and Adonis has been interpreted as everything from a noble love poem to an obscene tale of lust. Its debatable theme has been interpreted as going far beyond the story of how the goddess of love -Venus fell in love with a young man, Adonis. Scholars often show a particular interest in Venus attempts to make love and Adonis refusals. The plot follows as Adonis abandons her and sets off to hunt a boar. When Adonis is finally mutilated by a wild boar, Venus is left alone suffering the bitter loss of her juvenile love. We will write a custom essay on Venus and Adonis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will also try to prove why Venus and Adonis has demonstrated to be one of Shakespeares most distinguished narrative works, mainly deriving from its dealing with a theme concerning the primarily human subject of sexual love. Finally, the objective of this investigation is to examine the sources in which Shakespeare inspired to achieve his narrative work and to mention the ways in which the author has depicted one of his magnificent literary achievements. Venus and Adonis is a narrative poem that has been written by the greatest dramatist ever, William Shakespeare. The poem tells the story of goddess Venus passion for Adonis, a young hunter. Venus courts him, and further on, she aims at making love with him. Adonis refuses her, considering her too lustful. Instead, he decides to go hunting, and ends up being killed by a wild boar. Venus finds the dead corpse and laments herself because her beloved has passed away. The poem begins with a contrasting introduction of the two characters: in the first stanza rose cheekd Adonis is contrasted to ill-thought Venus: Rose cheeked Adonis hied him to the chase (Line 3) Sick thoughted Venus makes amain unto him (Line 5) He is presented as an innocent young man, that hunting (he) loved, but love he laught to scorn (line 4). On the contrary, Venus is presented as a perverted female who gins to woo him (line 6). In this poem, the standard romantic convention, where the lovesick male pursues uninterested women, is reversed, as it is Venus who courts and harasses Adonis. It can also be noticed that Shakespeare takes every opportunity to emphasise this role inversion. Venus is a parody of a typical male suitor, while Adonis is presented in a traditionally feminine role, and is regarded as a mere sex object. And having felt the sweetness of the spoil, With blind fold fury she begins to forage; Her face doth reek and smoke, her blood doth boil, And careless lust stirs up a desperate courage; Planting oblivion, beating reason back, Forgetting shames pure blush and honours wrack (lines 553-59) He now obeys, and now no more resisteth (line 564) Venus overbearing seizure of Adonis is a virtual parody of male aggressiveness, emphasising role inversion: With this she seizeth on his sweating palm, The precedent of pith and livelihood, And, trembling in her passion, calls it balm (Lines 25-27) Venus draws the attention in the poem due to her many attributes as the great goddess of love, as seen in the following lines: Her arrival on earth is sudden and mysterious. She has put on a womans form, yet she is strangely incorporeal, neither naked nor clothed, neither young nor old, with perennial beauty that as the spring doth yearly grow. The sensuality of her courtship is only apparent: her hand if touched would dissolve, or seem to melt; the primroses she lies on support her like sturdy trees. (Boyce) Venus might be the idealisation of beauty and love, but to Adonis she is no more than an lustful older woman who does not see that he is too young, as the text is old; the orator to green. Venus repeated enthusiasm for physical love can be noticed in lines 229-240, where there is an erotic characterisation of Venus own body as landscape. In lines 19-24, it can be seen that Venus attraction to Adonis is completely physical and passionate: And yet not cloy thy lips with loathed satiety, But rather famish them amid their plenty, Making them red and pale with fresh variety; Ten kisses short as one, one long as twenty: As summers day will seem an hour but short, Being wasted in such time-beguiling sport Moreover, Venus argues that love is the most appropriate human activity because it leads to reproduction (lines 163-174). As for Adonis, Venus views the common adolescent as the very archetypal pattern and substance of which beautiful things are but shadows. Adonis is described as a tiny, terrified waterbird in lines 86-87. Adonis is also associated with the imagery suggestive of womans physical charms: Stain to all nymphs, more lovely than a man, More white and red than doves or roses are. (lines 9-10) Doth quench the maiden burning of his cheeks. (line 50) On several occasions, Venus wooing exposes the comic indignity of the situation. Venus sweats with heat and effort, she pleads Adonis, but he claims: .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .postImageUrl , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:hover , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:visited , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:active { border:0!important; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:active , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charles Dickens wrote Hard Times Essay For shame, he cries, let go, and let me go; My days delight is past, my horse is gone, And tis your fault I am bereft him so. Adonis rejects not only Venus herself but also her idea of love, which he equates with lust in lines 787-798: Call it not love, for Love to heaven is fled, Since sweating Lust on earth usurped his name Therefore, it can be said that Venus and Adonis represent opposing points of view, as the goddess finds fulfilment in the delights of sensuality, while the mortal man conceives of an ideal spiritual state The poem simultaneously views love in contradictory ways. Though love is the noblest of imaginable states of mind, as Adonis insists, it is also utterly dull, even ridiculous, grounded, as it is in the physical desires embodied by Venus lust. Loves complicated blend of opposing qualities is asserted in the description of love in Venus closing lament (1136-1156). The vision of destruction takes in not only the central figures of the poem, but also its natural setting. Venus and Adonis has also conveyed a profound sense of the tragic side of existence. (Boyce) Venus and Adonis was dedicated to Shakespeares long time patron Henry Wriothesley, the Third Earl of Southampton. He is believed to have been a young noble of more than pleasant aspect, who is also thought to be the subject of Shakespeares Sonnets. In the poems dedication, Shakespeare calls his work the first heir of my invention, and it is sometimes said that Venus and Adonis was written before any of the plays. However, most scholars agree that it is much more likely to have been written between June 1592 and April 1593. Venus and Adonis was first published in 1593 by the printer Richard Field, and it was so popular that eight more editions were published during Shakespeares lifetime. It is said that Venus and Adonis style is richer and more glowing than that of the poets earliest Histories and Comedies. Venus and Adonis owes its inspiration to the works of the Latin Master of erotic poetry, Ovid (Boyce), including Ovids Metamorphoses (Book X) in particular but with elements from other sections of Ovids work as well parts of Spensers Faerie Queen (IIIi), and, perhaps, Marlowes Hero and Leander. In Ovids Metamorphoses, Adonis reciprocates Venus love, but Shakespeare followed a variant of the tale, incorporating elements from other Ovidian stories and portraying the mortals rejection of the goddess. It has been stated that by associating his work to Ovids, Shakespeare intended to be similarly witty and resourceful. Some details, especially the episode of the stallion and the mare, were said to be probably inspired by passages in the Georgics of Virgil, a renowned Latin poet. A third Ovidian love story on which Shakespeare draws is that of Narcissus, another hunter, pursued by the nymph Echo. Other Ovidian touches include the reference to Adonis as a statue contenting but the eye alone, which recalls that Ovids Pygmalion: Offended with the vice, where of great shore is packed within The nature of the womankind, he led a single life, And long it was ere he could find in heart to take a wife. The poem is not mainly a praise of sexual love, it is also an illustrated and psychological study of the physical and emotional attitudes of wooing, lust, and repulsion, which is extended after Adonis death to the goddess anguish, reflected in her postures showing sadness and sweetness. At the end of Venus and Adonis, the goddess puts a curse on love, saying that it shall be full of paradoxes: It shall be waited on with jealousy Find sweet beginning, but unsavoury end It shall be sparing and too full of riot, Teaching decreipt age to tread the measures It shall be raging mad, and silly mild, Make the young old, the old become a child (The Wordsworth Poetry Library, The Poems Sonnets of William Shakespeare, page 113) Some scholars state that not one of Shakespeares narrative poems has mastered its stanza. They affirm that he seems no to have been interested in the matter of mechanical form. Some of the stanzas of Venus and Adonis are weak, and it is the concluding couplets that have failed, as rhyme seems to have been forced: Dismiss your vows, your feigned tears, your flattery; For where a heart is hard they make no battery. (425-6) This way she runs, and now she will no further, But back retires to rate the boar for murther. (905-6) For from the stillitory of thy face excelling, Comes breath perfumed, that breedeth love by smelling. (443-4) This beauteous combat, wilful and unwilling, Showd like two silver doves that sit a-billing. (365-6) These scholars state that Venus and Adonis is a desperate narrative that has its freshness of colour. It is affirmed that most ideas are overdeveloped; that there is strain, exaggeration, and bad taste. Some scholars have sharply criticised Shakespeare as a result of the publication of Venus and Adonis. Venus and Adonis has been thought as once too sensuous and too cold, too fleshly and too abstract, too absurd in its situations and yet too tragic in tone. Venus and Adonis includes a wide range of attitudes: elements of humour and passion, sensuous and intellectual perceptions have been combined within this controversial narrative. With some minor defects, the poem is said to be a triumphant example of diversity in unity. .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .postImageUrl , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:hover , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:visited , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:active { border:0!important; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:active , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How do the writers of four poems reveal their attitudes to nature EssayVenus and Adonis may be only seen as insignificant entertainment intended to attract the patronage of a cultured Elizabethan aristocrat; or the poem may be given more weight and viewed as an example of Renaissance art. However, the moral to be found in Venus and Adonis has proven elusive, and the poem has been assessed in many different ways, as has already been described. Some critics feel that Venus and Adonis is a failure, an immature effort that is confused and uncertain because the author himself was unclear about the nature of love and lust and therefore resorted to humour to patch up his undeveloped work. Others see the poem as a delightfully erotic comedy, a celebration of sexual passion. Although Adonis dies, his story is couched in humour, and his death is not a tragic one -his corpse vanishes into air and his blood becomes the goddess nosegay. By this, the boy that by her side lay killd Was melted like a vapour from her side; And in his blood that on the ground lay spilld, A purple flower sprung up, chequerd with white, Resembling well his pale cheeks, and the blood Which in round drops upon their whiteness stood. (The Wordsworth Poetry Library, The Poems Sonnets of William Shakespeare, page 114) Adoniss death may be seen as the pathetic outcome of his cold and foolish aversion to love and sex. On the other hand, the horror of his death and Venus condemnation of love at the end of the poem may be thought to condemn lust as a primal source of destruction. Venus and Adonis deals with perhaps the most difficult emotion to understand: love, and presents an essential paradox: love, an obvious manifestation of an elemental life force, is often tied to a self-destructive inclination towards death. One must analyse the fact that Venus and Adonis is unquestionably amusing and entertaining, and that it may be also regarded as funny. Even when Venus first sees Adonis corpse, the famous simile of the shrinking snail offers an image that softens the situation: Or as the snail, whose tender horns being hit, Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain, And there, all smotherd up, in shade doth sit (Lines 1033-1036) Moreover, Venus seems reduced to the shameful action of plucking Adonis from his horse in order to convey her powers of seduction which prove to be rather inadequate. Furthermore, her description of herself as a landscape leads Venus to an even deeper humiliation. When Adonis smiles in disdain, she is reduced to helplessness by his dimples and states that being mad before; how doth she now for wits? (line 249). In spite of the fact that Adonis rejects the wild nature of the love that Venus demands from him; he is himself associated with animals throughout the poem. This can be seen from the early parallels between him and the birds and the symbolism of his runaway horse as a male lover, to his almost sexual union with the boar in mutual death. In a similar spirit, the poem boasts frequent vivid and sensual representations of country life. This can be clearly noticed in the comparison of the captive Adonis to a trapped bird: Look how a bird lies tangled in a net, So fastend in her arms Adonis lies (Lines 67-68) It also compares Venus to a mild doe, whose swelling dugs do ache (line 875). The poem also makes reference to the wild boar: On his bow-back he hath a battle set Of bristly pikes, that ever threat his foes; His eyes, like glow worms, shine when he doth fret; His snout digs sepulchres whereer he goes; Being moved, he strikes whateer is in his way And whom he strikes his crooked tushes slay. (lines 619-624) As a conclusion, we believe that Venus and Adonis has often been considered as less relevant to Shakespeares modern readers, who prefer the authors dramas. This work has often been regarded as weak and artificial, as its characterisation seems to be feeble if compared with the plays. In spite of what has been previously stated, Venus and Adonis contains many charming and entertaining passages. We think that less critical readers will be able to enjoy the way in which the myth is turned into a human story. Like Shakespeares greater works, it is concerned with the human predicament, and it illuminates the young playwrights attitude towards one of his most important concerns, sexual love. Moreover, some scholars state that Shakespeare was raising questions of major concern in his approach to life and love. Furthermore, Shakespeares Venus and Adonis is interesting from the point of view of human emotions and attitudes, as it analyses human nature far beyond what may seem as a mere narrative story.

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It goes on to give political rights that enable one to share ideas. Basically, the Freedom of Expression comprises of things that enable one to impart, receive and seek information without looking at the strategy used. It is said to help in democracy to work and also public participation in decision making because citizens cannot freely express their obligations if they do not have the freedom empowered to them. An article in the universal declaration read that, the free communication of ideas and opinion should be considered as mans greatest right.(David 2012) In as much as the people are given absolute rights to speak and publish whatever they like, it is also said that the law is likely to take its stand whenever any of the rights is abused. This means that the freedom of expression is something that is very important and has to be thought of on a huge note. Even the article 5 of the universal declaration does endorse this and adds on to say boundaries are not necessary as far as the freedom of expression is concerned. (David 2012) Background of the Freedom of Expression The freedom of speech dates back in the 5th and 6th BC in the Roman Republic whereby the main rights were freedom of religion and freedom of speech, also, it was talked of by Rashidun and Al-Hashimi, Islams, in their letter to one of the religious opponents. As years passed, various people fought for it in so many ways until the first state proclaiming freedom of speech was issued on December 4, 1770 in Denmark- Norway. People like John Stuart Mill pointed out that without freedom there can hardly be achievement in in things like politics and other things related, which according to him needed free expression. However, the Freedom Forum Organization said that it is important to recognize the limits of the freedom of speech as it may conflict with other things. (David 2012) The Malawi government has also adopted the concept of freedom of speech ever since it got its independence from Britain and had the democratic government. Democracy deals a lot with the voice of the people; apparently that is why it goes hand in hand with the freedom of speech and expression. The Malawi Constitution guarantees the freedom of expression and views it as a basic right. It strives for the public to enjoy their right to be informed through unrestricted access to information. Aims and Objectives To find out whether there has been an advancement of the freedom of expression or whether it has/is deteriorating. Since its establishment, things have been happening that it has not been easy to tell whether or not this freedom is really working out there or maybe it is long gone. To examine the flow of the rights in the government and reflect how the citizens are being handled with reference to the freedom of expression. How exactly is the government implementing its policies on the people, is it being over authoritative or perhaps it is imposing issues on the people without considering their rights, or perhaps it is doing just fine. To evaluate the extent of the freedom the press has here in Malawi How far does the Malawian government take its freedom of expression, to what extent does it authorize it. To find out the media has they truly are doing their jobs freely without hindrances Are the media houses truly free to report anything that they are obligated to report to the nation of Malawi? Or perhaps they have setbacks? To estimate how the freedom of speech is being used by the media and press on the people. To see through how the freedom of expression and speech have been flowing over the years. To understand what exactly it means to have that kind of freedom, and also learn its limitations. Problem Statement The media is a watchdog for the society, and its job is to keep the nation informed, entertained and educated, it has to do anything in its power to be there for the society and look out for it. However, in Malawi, the freedom of expression, or press freedom is said to have been adopted many years ago, apparently as early as when independence from the British government was granted. Now, the problem is that there seems to be a hindrance on this freedom of expression and the way the media is doing its job. Its either it is not being granted to them in full or there are lots of misconceptions about it. The media is suffering and there is no accuracy in its job, this only means that the nation is not getting accurate information, and is therefore not being treated fairly. Hypothesis Upon conducting a research on the evaluation of the freedom of speech and expression, the possible outcomes are anticipated. The government sometimes tends to take charge of the media practitioners, thereby limiting their freedom of speech and expression. When the people, media and press properly exercise their freedom of expression, they tend to come out with positive results because that is a job well done for them to serve the nation in a proper manner without limitations. Some media practitioners misuse their rights and cross their limits all in the name of having freedom of expression, as a result other peoples rights are violated. LITERATURE REVIEW So much has been said or research on the topic of freedom of expression and the media, organizations, and even individuals have quite a bit to say about it, others give some emphasis on it as in its importance in the media and others even give an overview of how it is flowing in the country and also how or what the media thinks about it. Freedom of speech has to do with people being able to give their views on things of their interest, and the freedom of the press gives the rights to the print media in order for them to freely express what they truly believe. However, having the freedom of speech does not mean having the right to hurt or discomfort other people. The freedom that is involved here has to do with how much creativity one can bring for the aim of improving the societies that we live in. this freedom is there to empower people to analyse their government and achieve what is best for both of them, in other words it has to do with criticizing the leadership both positively and negatively and end up having what is best for the nation. To live without freedom is binding but with freedom comes responsibility in reporting. (Orwell 2009) Freedom of expression is very important if the people are to participate in decision making issues, especially for countries that are said to be democratic like Malawi itself. People can not be able to participate freely in what is going on around them if they do not have the freedom, for instance things like choosing of leaders to guide them. Therefore, this issue is not only necessary for personal gain but also it helps in maintain the democratic spirit that the country has. This freedom clearly gives the society to voice out their thoughts on issues freely without any disturbances. Furthermore, this is something that needs full support because of its position in democracy and public participation in political issues and also the media. On a journalistic point of view, the freedom to give out knowledge can come under different attacks. Pressure on the journalists poses a very big threat. An article released by MISA said that Freedom of expression is a basic right, which is expressly guaranteed in the Malawi Constitution. Therefore, this programme seeks to campaign for the public to enjoy their right to be informed through unrestricted access to information. This one continued to say that MISA is campaigning for the Access to Information (ATI) bill. Section 37 of the Malawi Constitution provides for access to information. The framers of the Constitution however made this right to access information subject to an act of parliament but did not set a timeframe for the enactment of the law on access to information. On the other hand, some information clearly states that 13 years since the adoption of the Constitution, there is still no enabling act for access to information. Apparently, according to Malawi Institute of Journalism, a minister once said that the case of the July 20 demonstrations that were held in the country, he observed that some jouranalists who were cov ering the demonstrations were beaten up by the police and some radio stations put off air by the Malawi communications Regulatory Authority MACRA (Malawi Institute of Journalism 2012) Still on the concept of the freedom of expression being violated, the government has been named as the biggest violator of the freedom of expression in Malawi followed by the general public, and this is according to the Media council of Malawi (MCM). Mr Anderson Fumulani of the MCM said that a survey revealed government as a major violator of press freedom. (Ganthu 2002). Capitol Radio managing director Al Osman warned that with repressive media laws been introduced, freedom of expression is under threat. He continued to say that the media just provide a platform and that freedom of expression is not exclusive to the media. On the contrary, it was argued that Malawi is enjoying the freedom of expression now than before, according to Edson Mwamvani, southern regional information officer, the freedom of expression has improved in the last ten years, however, the freedom of expression has to look at the responsibilities as well (Gondwe, 2011) In addition to the violation, The Malawi Chapter of the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) noted with disappointment that there is lack of respect for media freedom and in the country. The media in Malawi is continuously being violated not only by the government, but also some individuals of the public. Apparently, the latest threats came from the late State President Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika, who warned that he was going to stop the work of some media houses and also arrest some individual journalists that continued to report negatively about his administration. He further pointed out that journalists in the country are being careless and false in their work of reporting. Furthermore, MISA Malawi also said it was aware of threats on some journalists as well as media houses from people who claim to be misrepresented in some stories published by journalists. MISA said that such things do interrupt work of the media as watchdogs of the country because it gives them fear and they d ont work to the best of their abilities. It also continued to say it feels that it is very easy in such circumstances to think that the government is actually thinking of taking little steps to ending the freedom of expression in the country. The media in the country really is trying so hard to do its job right , however, it is meeting many problems regarding its freedom of expression. MISA said it emphasizes that it does not condone irresponsible reporting, it said it is urging journalists to be truthful in every single thing they tackle. Irresponsible reporting should not even be heard of here in Malawi and around the world. The media should therefore be allowed to represent the people and take care of them accordingly. The organisation said it expects the government authorities and other people who happen to have problems against journalists and media people to give their issues to the correct bodies that are put in place for this. Freedom of expression and the right to report is given in the constitution of the country and they are both said to be protected by the head of state. The president must not be the first person to rob the media of its freedom, its simply not acceptable. The organisation was actually referring to the recent government that it should promote media freedom in Malawi. Not only that but also appealing to the media practitioners to support the people and keep alert. MISA finished by encouraging the government to continue to support media outlets. (Augustine 2010) The issue of rights being violated in Malawi, with no exception of the freedom of speech was addressed by the United Nations whereby showed that it is only a matter of time before the United Nations turns on the sanction button against the current government led by Mrs. Joyce Banda. According to the UN this is mainly following Malawi Government failure to uphold Human Rights and other laws of natural justice as enriched in the UNs Convention on Human Rights. Section 19 of the Convention gives everyone the ability to express opinions without any hindrances. About the media, the convention adds that everyone has the right to perform and work effectively with no boundaries when it comes to freedom. In 2011, the UN Human Rights Committee adopted what is known as the General Comment No 34, which is guaranteed by Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This comment strengthens the protection of the international law on freedom of expression including the Cou rts of Law in its member states of which Malawi is inclusive. According to Article 19, a well-known international organisation which is committed to defend the right to freedom of expression and fights against repression of the media, both the UN convention and its general comment define freedom of opinion and freedom of expression as indispensable conditions for the full development of a person. The organisation adds that freedom of opinion and expression are essential for any democratic society considering that it provides the basics of what democracy is all about. The freedom of expression provides for the exchange and development of opinions. With Malawi being a democratic country as it is called, others may question as to whether it really is a democratic state or an authoritarian which demands people to bow to the opinion of the government. the current government in Malawi has been criticised by various organisations such as Council of NGOs in Malawi for violating some sections of the constitution with no exception to the freedom of expression. According to Article 19, freedom of expression is a necessary condition for the realisation of the principles of transparency and accountability that are, in turn essential for the promotion and protection of human rights. In countries where democracy is embraced, a free uncensored and unhindered press or other media is considered as essential to ensure freedom of opinion and expression and the enjoyment of other covenant rights. Ironically, the Malawi constitution particularly Section 35 and 36, aff irms that every person shall have the right to express oneself, not onlyt in Malawi, but also in foreign countries (Nkhoma 2012) On the same issue, freedom of expression has been said to be something that is put in place in the Malawi Constitution, but it seems like lately it is sliding back to the time when it was not available. It is unfortunate that it does not matter which party is ruling or whatsoever, but the fact of the matter remains that the freedom of expression is currently not on a very good positions. Apparently after many press conferences, the late president Dr. Wa Mutharika after arguing with the media ended up shaking hands with journalists and continuosly said aluta continua, meaning let the struggle come to an end, because Malawi is a democratic country (Munthali 2010) On the area of print media, the importance of freedom of speech is important in the newspaper or print industry is that the print media does a big job of keeping the people informed. The people need to know what their leaders are doing and this is almost impossible to happen effectively is the publishers are controlled by the government. Some information has been given regarding the freedom of speech with respect to the internet in Malawi, and this is including media areas like television, radio or written press. These things are being limited by certain principles of public order, and this is what has been proposed against in the bill (Muwamba 2012) Freedom of press released an article where it talked of how the freedom of the press is constitutionally guaranteed in Malawi even though they are restricted in practice. On April 13, 2007, the Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) banned all private media outlets from broadcasting political rallies live without prior permission from the MACRA. This move intended to avoid messages that would be against the government. The government does not exercise over censorship, but freedom of expression in Malawi is threatened in many ways. One journalist was reportedly attacked in 2007. Dickson Kashoti, a reporter for the private Daily Times was physically attacked by Joseph Njobvuyalema, a member of parliamrnt over an article that had been critical of him. (freedom house 2008) The Freedom of information Act in 1966 gives the right to know, and also views the press as a very crucial an part of the freedom of expression, and a bridge between people and social institutions. So the press is the mediator of relationships with institutions of society family, religion, economy and many more. In addition to that, article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights adopted in 1948 continues to give the public its freedom to feely express itself and also get first hand information. However, some situations and writings have showed that the freedom of expression is not entirely valid in Malawi since it was written by George Ombuluka that the United States official also commented on the Malawian freedom of expression when he extended his speech to the late president Dr. Bingu Wa Mutharika to say that he should respect his citizens right to freedom of expression. Anthony Livuza said that the government of Malawi promised to encourage the freedom of the media and this was after it met with international delegations on the issue of press freedom, the government resolved to being open and also fully supporting the media in its work . According Emmanuel, Freedom of expression in Malawi regarding television, radio, or print is set to be limited by certain principles of public order; this is said by the new bill. (Muwamba 2011)

Leadership and Organizational Culture Essay -- Leadership Theory, Powe

House et al. (2007) discovers that leadership and Organisational culture are closely linked together as leaders influence the culture of their organisations. Researches talk about a range of leadership definitions but it is not easy to define. (E.g. Western, 2008; Yukl, 2010). However, Cohen (2009) critically analyses definitions from Dracker (1996), Eisenhower (1969), Northouse (2004) and finally summarised the definition of leadership constitutes five elements. First of all, ask question to set direction, which means effective leaders need to listen to followers’ voice respectfully and then share the common goals and ideas with them. In addition, leaders need to seek insights and allocate resources optimally; act ethically; allow their employees to work in a conformable and most effective way. This essay will explain different leadership styles and how they influence the organisations with examples of organisations and leaders with main focus on well-known entrepreneur: Sir Alan Sugar. He grows from nothing to incredible success ( £ 730 million), is a legend in the UK business history; his reality TV show â€Å"The Apprentice†, a great entertainment for recruitment appeals to the public without reasons. However, he as a person is controversial amongst people, probably due to his leadership style as bullying or harassment (destructive). There are four schools of leadership styles: Trait, behavioural, contingency and transformational. Nevertheless, in the case of Alan Sugar, trait and transactional styles match him which will be illustrated following in detail. As Yukl (2010) indicates, such factors (e.g. personality, values and capacities) attributed to a leader. Normally it is widespread acknowledged that someone is born to be a lead... ...l man who enables others to think and do in his way (role model) and his employees work him for unconditional loyalty (e.g. his PA), also, adopt a fair system of rewards and punishments; however, as a leader sometimes he just needs some transformational styles which respect and communicate with followers equally rather than forced them to shut up rudely. As for organizational culture, the article obtains further understanding that some factors attribute to detect cultures existed in an organisation, communication system, for example. As a result, it can be identified that his culture not only can be classified as power but task. Moreover, due to the changeable outside environment, compounded and flexible cultures seems to be a better way for an organisation’s sustainable development. Therefore, leadership is tightly related to organizational culture.

Is Seeing Believing?

‘Theory of Knowledge’ Name: Nkole C Date: 19th October, 2012. Instructor: Maurice H ‘Seeing is believing. ’ Belief is the mental reliance or acceptance of a condition. It causes people to validate and actualise what they have or get as information and consequently apply that to other situations in order to create new patterns- what is called Knowledge. ‘Seeing’ refers to the sensation of obtaining information through sight, or our senses.People can claim to obtain their knowledge in many different ways which include senses, intuition or intellectual reasoning, past experiences, priori knowledge used to develop a new organisation of patterns and perception of what is to come which usually results from relating with past experiences and cultural beliefs. Humans refer to sight, hearing, smell, temperature or pressure and taste as the senses used to obtain knowledge. Intuition refers to the relating of a condition and giving an intellectually valid reason to come up with truth.For example, we believe that three and four are greater than two, and so we can propose that there are numbers which are greater than two. This, in a sense, depends on the fact that we made true the fact that three and four are actually greater than two, which is a prior assumption. These different areas of knowledge all have their problems. However, true knowledge and the ways of obtaining it is something that has caused controversy among many scholars. On one hand is the idea of Empiricism while on the other hand is the idea of Rationalism.Empiricists are people who believe that whatever we know, and hence believe in, is gotten through sensory experience. They assert that the mind was as pure as white- defined as tabula rasa by them- and whatever that we know now as knowledge was installed or written on the mind by the senses’ experiences and absorbed into the brains. The information gotten in this way helps the human brain to relate this to oth er sensations and be able to make patterns to define new situations.Empiricists argue saying that there is no innate knowledge which the mind had validated before sense experience, though there is priori knowledge which is actually true. To the empiricist, ‘seeing’ or sense sensation is the only way people obtain knowledge and therefore is-believing. Depending entirely on senses for true knowledge, however, has its own problems and can easily lead to someone obtaining the wrong information.A defect on the sense organs like those due to agnosia and aphasia can lead to someone obtaining the wrong information since it is possible to speak in a way while the body language shows another thing. Senses also rely upon the environment to be able to function. A person who has never been exposed to the light will never know colours if they are exposed to them at a later stage in their lives. In their normal functioning, senses also have limitations in the way they obtain informati on. The human eye, for example, can only resolve up to 0. mm which means that points or lines that are less than 0. 1mm apart will be seen as a continuous line, which is false. The senses, no matter how true the information they get is, also depend entirely on the brain’s ability to evaluate the electrical impulses it gets from sense sensations which could be responses to chemical reactions in the taste buds and hair cells of the nose, frequency of light waves and difference in pressure of air in the eyes and ears respectively, or pressure and temperature in the skin.It is clear that if the brain itself has a defect, the probability of which we cannot be certain, every bit of the knowledge that one would get would be untrue. Even when it is true, and so to argue the rationalists, the brain sorts out the small bits of information it gets according to the relationship with some prior knowledge, innate knowledge they call it. ——————†”———————– [ 1 ]. http://www. thefreedictionary. com/belief [ 2 ]. http://plato. tanford. edu/entries/berkeley/ [ 3 ]. Definition gotten from hand-out given in class [ 4 ]. A condition that causes people not to get the tone of voice in speech and have to rely entirely on their ability to read body language to get in information. From class hand-out [ 5 ]. A condition that causes people not to make out complex pictures to be able to read body language. From class hand-out [ 6 ]. The allegory of the curve from hand-out in class [ 7 ]. From Biology text book

Love in university life Essays - Battle Of Stone Corral, Visalia

Love in university life Essays - Battle Of Stone Corral, Visalia Love in university life ALI 150-04 Prof. C. Stammler February 13th , 2014 Love in university life Having always lived in India, I spent the first seventeen years of my life under my parents guidance until I had to leave for a country on the side of the globe, literally. After my parents came to Long Beach and got me settled in my room, they went back to India leaving me here with two boys whom I had never known in my life, who were now going to be my roommates for the coming 10 months. This essay is a summary of me, a young introverted boy experiencing love for the first time in my new university life and how I dealt with it. I had no idea that in this hustle of settling down at a new university in a new country, I would start liking a girl so much that I would be thinking of her all day, every day. But I didnt know what I had to do about it. I did not know if should man up and voice my liking for her to her before its too late or just keep quiet and leave this on our destiny. Living in the dorms introduced me to the concept of sharing a room with people of my age. I had never cohabitated in such a small space with three people before. I didnt know my roommates or anyone in this university. I had thought that my roommates were shy of talking to new people of completely different background. But I started attempting to talk to them as I did not know anybody else apart from them then. I got to know about their interests, their likes and dislikes. However, I did not like their sleeping habits. They would sleep in the day and stay awake all night when everyone else was sleeping. This was a pain at times because I couldnt study properly in the dark. I wanted to talk to him about the problems I have been having with them but I was too afraid to talk to them. The fact that I was a shy person only added to the communication barrier that already existed because of our cultural differences. They were different from me and because of the difference in our cultures and religion, it was difficult for us to get along. I had never imagined I would have deal with racist behavior after having heard about such good things about the American culture prior to coming to the United States. However uncomfortable I was, I never voiced my opinions to them about their messiness and about them having thoughts about me just because I was an Indian. Anyway, so after a few weeks of solitary confinement with just my roommate for company, I had started hanging out in the multi-purpose hall, or known as the common hall. Initially, I was just a person sitting awkwardly in a room full of people. Then slowly when I started talking to people I learnt that its not too difficult to make new friends in a different country. Its just the first urge that is difficult. Slowly and steadily I got more and more conformable with people here. I also got to know that most of the people here actually love Indians and wished to know more about them and their culture. This made me more confident because I knew that it was just my roommates that were slightly hesitant to talk to Indians and it was not something that everyone else followed too. I then started talking to new people and would just walk up to them and start talking to them because I started to know how things work here. I wouldnt have got to know about social etiquettes as much as I did, had I been living off campus with my cousin who studies at the same university. Dorm life has its own advantages and disadvantages. Its way easy to make friends while living the dorm life as compared to living off campus because the dorms built me a good circle of friends by the end of my first semester that I would have been unlikely to meet on a campus of

Five Misleading Names

Five Misleading Names Five Misleading Names Five Misleading Names By Maeve Maddox For most people, the word greyhound probably triggers the idea of a skinny gray dog, while the word nightmare conjures up the image of a horse galloping through the night. Here are five words whose names suggest meanings that arent there. catgut: The dried and twisted intestines of sheep, also of the horse and ass; used for the strings of musical instruments; also as bands in lathes, clocks, etc. The word in English probably originated as kitgut, from kit, small fiddle used by dancing teachers. This kit probably derives from OE cythere, from Latin cithara, from Greek kithara. The OED notes that the Dutch word kattedarm does mean guts or intestines of the cat, but adds that theres no evidence that catgut was ever used for the purpose of stringing a musical instrument. greyhound: A variety of dog used in the chase, characterized by its long slender body, and long legs, by the keenness of its sight, and by its great speed in running. Old English had the word grighund. Hund, of course, meant dog. The grig part comes from an Old Norse word for bitch. nightmare: Now usually: a bad dream producing feelings of distress. Originally (usu. with the): a feeling of suffocation or great distress experienced during sleep. A nightmare was a female spirit or monster supposed to settle on and produce a feeling of suffocation in a sleeping person or animal. This kind of mare has cognates in several languages. Its the mar in French cauchemar (nightmare), and is related to Irish morrigain, queen of the elves. It is not related to the mare that means female horse. mustard gas: A colorless oily liquid whose vapor is a powerful irritant and vesicant acting directly on the skin, used in chemical warfare, originally at Ypres during the First World War (1914-18). Mustard gas isnt made from mustard, and its not a gas. It was yellow and those unfortunate enough to get a whiff of it thought it resembled the smell of mustard, garlic, or horseradish. Its an atomized liquid. heartburn: An uneasy burning sensation in the lower part of the chest, due to putrefactive fermentation of the food in the stomach Greek kardia could mean both heart and stomach. Greek kardiakos meant pertaining to the heart. Latin cardiacus could mean pertaining to the stomach. The term heartburn arose from confusion between the areas of heart and stomach. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersUse a Dash for Number RangesDealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

Without the Economic Assistance of the U.S., Great Britain would of Essay

Without the Economic Assistance of the U.S., Great Britain would of Industrially Collapsed during World War II - Essay Example It also depicted some interesting facts about the Allied Victory and the different phases that Britain and America experienced. It was by the end of this very devastating war that America emerged as a new, popular and powerful nation in the world. Often the World War II is referred to as the â€Å"Good War† representing that in the war the good forces triumphed over the evil. Since every war has its aftermaths especially when it’s a widespread conflict and is quite destructive as was the World War II. The role of United States during the outbreak of World War II in 1939 had been quite neutral. However, when the Germany victories began to rise in Europe it was then that president Roosevelt considered being the ally of Britain and started seeking ways through which they can aid Britain while not indulging themselves in the war. Under its Neutrality Act initially by which only some cash and carry purchases were made by the belligerents, in the mid of 1940s it was declared by president Roosevelt to send US weapons to Britain in surplus amounts (Hickman n.d.).1. The support provided to Britain was increased in view of the devastating setbacks in the war when the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Luxemburg and France fell to Nazis. Although America had taken a stance on providing a split two-to-one favor and to remain out of the war at every cost even at the stake of Britain’s loss. However by the end of 1940 in November, America decided to aid Britain and to take the risk of a war (Cole 1983)2. This was even declared by the candidates running for the Presidential elections in America 1940 just three days before the elections that: â€Å"Our policy is to give all possible material aid to the nations which still resist aggression across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans† (Roosevelt) and â€Å"All of us – Republicans, Democrats and Independents – believe in giving aid to the heroic British people. We must make available to them the products of our industry† (Willkie). Thus, showing America’s utmost interest in providing aid to Britain (Churchill 1949)3 By March, 1941 America had maintained its stance of staying away from war and kept its isolationist sentiment, while Britain kept on fighting the war alone. The effects of war on the financial standing of Britain were apparent, its financial assets were ending, the Commonwealth assets from overseas were also dried up, and it had no aid coming from anyplace. At that time it was only the Cash and Carry option provided by America that was available to Britain for buying the war supplies and under this it was using American destroyers to protect the shipments. It was quite evident from the conditions that Britain was reaching the stage of Bankruptcy. This soon led to the Lend-Lease Act of March, 1941 that made America an ally for Britain. Under this Act, Britain was given the privilege to buy the war good without having to pay America upfront for the go ods. Hence, Britain was given over $1 billion as aid at the end of the year believing it to be sufficient amount to keep Britain standing during the war time. It has been stated in the UK’s Guardian Unlimited that, under the American Lend-Lease Act, it transferred nearly $48 billion worth of war good to different nations during the period March 1941 to September 1945, out of which the aid send to Britain amounted to nearly $21 billion which nearly equaled to UKs entire years gross national product. The major good under the Lend-Lease included

The new development concerning management communication Essay

The new development concerning management communication - Essay Example "The meaning of my communication is the response I get." (Communication Skills - Solutions 4 Training) this quote illustrates the success of a properly managed communication process. The response generated as a result of a statement shows how good an individual in getting his point across; required diligently in the fields of marketing, advertising & successful running any type of industry. Developing sound communication skills is not a difficult task. Practice, knowledge & confidence are the key factors in this aspect. Globalization has transformed & diversified the industries around the globe making it compulsory to interact with multicultural citizens. Every company is performing multiple roles of communicator & the promoter at the same time, raising questions about * what *how & *whom to say. Organizations talk about their need for better communication skills but are unsure of how to solve the issue. Organizing interactive workshops & seminars to highlight & practice the art of c ommunication is required extensively nowadays. Whether understanding & dealing with the employees of a company, targeting an audience, projecting a concept through media; all these acts are acquired via communication. The modern times require interaction with people around the world, without the barriers of time & space. The advance technology has made it possible to communicate with individuals thousands of miles away. All this technology & modernism has changed the way of interaction. According to Philip Kotler in his book Marketing Management (564), currently there are a number of communication platforms: ADVERTISING: it is a paid promotion of ideas, goods or services, for example print & broadcast advertising, motion pictures, brochures, billboards, posters, display signs etc. SALES PROMOTION: a selection of short term enticement to endorse product sales. For example exhibitions, coupons, tradeshows, contests, complimentary gifts etc. PUBLIC RELATIONS: a variety of programs intended to promote a product or company's image. For example speeches, seminars, charity donations, sponsored events, company magazines etc. PERSONAL SELLING: confronted interaction through presentations & question answer sessions with one or more potential clients. For example sales meetings, samples, fairs, tradeshows etc. DIRECT MARKETING: communicate directly with customers through a dialog. For example mails, TV shopping, catalogs, telemarketing etc. In normal life & principally in business & industries a special communication process is followed to ensure the effective transfer of messages. The communication process is takes place between a sender & a receiver through two communication implements, message & media. In between them, are the communication tools encoding, decoding of the message sent; feedback & response from the sender after interpreting the idea. A factor present in between is noise; it is the misrepresentation of the message being sent when it's not conveyed effectively. (Philip Kotler- Marketing Management- eleventh edition, chapter 19:565) A successful management depends on how well the organizations comprehend this process & expends it in the organization & business perspectives. Dorothy Carnegie described this phenomenon in a very effective manner by saying, "Business, social, & personal